What is meant by "random sampling" in research design?

Random sampling refers to a method in research design where every member of the population has an equal opportunity to be selected for the sample. This approach is fundamental to ensuring that the sample is unbiased and representative of the larger population, which enhances the validity and reliability of the research findings. By using random sampling, researchers can minimize selection bias and ensure that the results of their study can be generalized to the entire population.

The essence of random sampling lies in its randomness, which helps in capturing the diversity of the population. When each individual has an equal chance of being included, the resulting sample is more likely to reflect the true characteristics and variations present in the whole population, strengthening the conclusions that can be drawn from the study.

Other options represent different sampling methods that do not guarantee equal chance of selection. For instance, convenience sampling selects participants based on availability, which may lead to an unrepresentative sample. A representative sample refers to how well a sample reflects the larger population, but this does not equate to the method of selection used. Lastly, selecting participants based on specific criteria would limit the randomness and potentially introduce bias, further deviating from the concept of random sampling.